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Albert Southworth

Albert Southworth

Albert Sands Southworth (1811–94) was half of the important and influential Southworth and Hawes daguerreotype studio, which he operated with Josiah Johnson Hawes (1808–1901) from 1843 to 1863. Southworth was a student of Samuel Morse, who, in addition to his other more famous pursuits, was an avid daugerreotypist. Their studio, located on the top floor of a Boston building, had enormous skylights to allow in copious amounts of light necessary for relatively "short" exposures of portraits of their subjects. While they worked in formats ranging from the more common locket-sized daguerreotype, up to a stereoscopic image (also gaining in popularity at the time), they specialized in "whole plate" images, an expensive size which measured 6-1/2 × 8-1/2 inches (16.5 × 21.6 cm)—rather large for a daguerreotype. Lawmaker Daniel Webster, author Harriet Beecher Stowe, and reformer Dorothea Dix were among the duo's more prominent clients, but they also photographed local businessmen, society ladies, and other Boston-area citizens. Southworth and Hawes were not alone: Masury and Silsby, and also John A. Whipple were prominent Boston daguerreotypists. Whipple's and Southworth and Hawses's operations were the largest in Boston, and were outshined in America (after 1853) only by the New York studios of Matthew Brady and M.M. Lawrence. In what could perhaps be called the ancestor of the View-master, Southworth and Hawes invented a "grand parlor stereoscope", which allowed viewers to be presented with new daguerreotype views with the turn of a crank. Southworth and Hawes had one of these devices in the reception room of their gallery for the entertainment of their customers. After wet-process plate printing came into vogue, Southworth also invented a device in 1855 that allowed up to eight exposures of the same sitter to be made in just two sequential exposures: by exposing half of a whole plate with a special four-lensed set of tubes, then moving the other half of the plate into place, the other half of the plate was then exposed.

References

- Taft, Robert (1938), Photography and the American Scene, Dover Publications Southworth, Albert

Daguerreotype

shortly before his death.]] The daguerreotype is an early type of photograph, but, unlike modern photographs, it has no negative. Instead, it is an image exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver, (which has first been exposed to iodine vapour, or in the later use of the process, bromine vapour), housed in a velvet-lined folding case. While the daguerreotype was not the first photographic process to be developed, images of earlier processes required hours of exposure. The daguerreotype photographic process was one of the first to permanently record and affix an image with exposure time compatible with portrait photography, and became the first commercially used photographic process. The daguerreotype is named after one of its inventors, French artist and chemist Louis J.M. Daguerre, who announced its perfection in 1839 after years of research and collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce (the French Academy of Sciences announced the process on January 9 of that year). Daguerre's French patent was acquired by the French Government. On August 19, 1839 the French Government announced the invention a gift "Free to the World." Nearly simultaneously in England Miles Berry, acting on Daguerre's behalf, had obtained a patent for the daguerreotype process on August 14, 1839. The daguerreotype was a positive-only process allowing no reproduction of the picture. The pre-exposure preparation of the plate resulted in the formation of photo-sensitive silver halide; and exposure to light formed a latent image. The development of the visible image was then effected by placing the exposed plate over a slightly heated (about 75°C) cup of mercury. The vapour of mercury condensed on those places where the light had acted in an almost exact ratio to the intensity of its action. This produced a picture in an amalgam, the vapour of which attached itself to the altered silver iodide. Proof that such was the case was subsequently afforded by the fact that the mercurial image could be removed by heat. The developing box was so constructed that it was possible to examine the picture through a yellow glass window whilst the image was being brought out. The next operation was to fix the picture by dipping it in a solution of hyposulphite of soda. The image produced by this method is so delicate that it will not bear the slightest handling, and has to be protected from being accidentally touched. Additional experimentation found that treating the plate with heated gold chloride would tone and strengthen the image, though it was still quite delicate and required a well sealed case to protect against touch as well as oxidation of the finely polished silver, which formed the blacks in the image. Daguerreotype spread rapidly, except in England, where Daguerre had taken out a patent. Richard Beard, who bought the English patent from Miles Berry in 1841, closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and suing infringers. In the early 1840s the invention was quickly introduced (within a matter of months) to artists in the United States by Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph code. An exuberant market in portraits, often the work of itinerant artists who moved from town to town, sprang up. The first vintage erotica used daguerreotypes, as did the first experimenters in stereo photography. People often believe that the daguerreotype was the most commonly used method of photography into the late part of the 19th century. In actuality, this process was only in general use for close to a decade before it was superseded by similar methods:
- The Ambrotype introduced in 1854; a positive image on glass, with a black backing,
- The Tintype or Ferrotype; an image on asphaltum-coated iron plates, and
- The albumen print; a paper photograph produced from large glass negatives most commonly used in American Civil War photography. The rapid move away from daguerreotype photography was inevitable; the process is intricate and complex, labor intensive, and involves many stages of production. This made daguerreotypes expensive and not affordable to the average person. Also, the typical exposure was often 60 to 90 seconds long, requiring the sitter(s) to remain immobile and hold a pose for all that time. Finally — and perhaps most important — since there is no negative, it had no intermediate stage from which a final image could later be reproduced. Unlike film and paper photography, however, a properly sealed daguerreotype can last virtually forever. Today these antique items are avidly collected. Some daguerreotypes — such as those by Southworth & Hawes of Boston, or George S. Cook of Charleston, South Carolina — are considered masterpieces in the art of photography.

References

- Coe, Brian 'The Birth of Photography', Ash & Grant, 1976 Some parts of this text are derived from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

External links

- [http://www.daguerreotype.com/ An index of 19th Century American Daguerreotype Artists: Craig's Daguerreian Registry]
- [http://www.daguerre.org/ The Daguerreian Society: History, database and galleries]
- [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/daghtml/daghome.html Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1836-1864: US Library of Congress]
- [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=167 The American Hand Book of the Daguerreotype] from Project Gutenberg
- [http://www.newdags.com/ Contemporary Daguerreotypes: the people who make them today and how it is done]
- [http://www.americandaguerreotypes.com The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait]
- [http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln85.html The earliest known daguerreotype of Abraham Lincoln] Category:Photographic processes ja:ダゲレオタイプ th:กระบวนการดาแกโรไทป์

Samuel Morse

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter of portraits and historic scenes.

Early years

Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the first child of geographer and pastor Jedidiah Morse and Elizabeth Ann Breese Morse. After attending Phillips Academy as a child, he started attending college at 14. He devoted himself to art and became a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. While at Yale University, he attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah Day. He earned money by painting portraits. In 1810, he graduated from Yale University. Morse later accompanied Allston to Europe in 1811. 1811 Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could carve three dimensional sculptures in marble or stone. Morse couldn't patent it, however, because of an existing 1820 Thomas Blanchard design. In 1823, Morse opened an art studio in New York City. In 1825, Morse painted Marquis de Lafayette's portrait (for $1,000). On February 7 of that same year, Morse's wife, Lucretia, died suddenly. She was buried before he returned to New Haven.

Middle years

In 1837, Morse had invented the electrical telegraph, based on Hans Christian Ørsted's discovery in 1820 of the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1832, Morse developed the idea of electromagnetic telegraphy, during conversations with Dr. Charles T. Jackson. (Later, Dr. Jackson would bring a legal case over the telegraph, which he would ultimately lose.) Morse prototyped an electromagnetic recording telegraph and a signalling alphabet known as Morse Code in his sketchbook. When studying in Rome in 1830, he became acquainted with the Danish/Icelandic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen; the two artists would sometimes take walks together at night among the ancient ruins. Morse also painted Thorvaldsen's portrait. In the fall of 1835, Morse built and demonstrated a recording telegraph with a moving paper ribbon. At the beginning of 1836, Morse demonstrated his recording telegraph to Dr. Leonard Gale. Also in 1836, Morse ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of New York on a Nativist ticket, receiving 1,496 votes. In 1836, Morse finished his first working prototype of the telegraph. It used a one-element battery and a simple electromagnet. This prototype worked only over short distances of about 40ft or less. In winter 1836-1837 Morse showed his prototype to Leonard Gale, professor of chemistry at New York University, where Morse taught painting. Gale was aware of the works of Joseph Henry on electromagnetic relays. Based on this knowledge Gale suggested several improvements and also urged Morse to read Henry's 1831 paper, which described these improvements. With these improvements Morse and Gale were able to record messages through ten miles of wire. In September of the same year, Alfred Vail, then student at New York University, witnessed a demonstration of the telegraph. Vail's father Stephen Vail was a well-connected tinkerer, inventor, lawyer, community leader, and technology investor. He helped to finance the work on the telegraph. Stephen Vail In 1838, Morse changed the telegraphic cipher, from a telegraphic dictionary with number code to a code for each letter. Whether Alfred Vail was the actual inventor of this simpler code has been debated since the earliest days. According to much of the literature on the subject Vail was indeed the actual inventor, although Morse and his descendants claimed otherwise. On January 24, Morse demonstrated the telegraph to colleges. On February 8, 1838, Morse first publicly demonstrated the electrical telegraph to a scientific committee at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (the first time it worked was on January 6). On February 21, Morse demonstrated the telegraph to President Martin Van Buren and his cabinet. Shortly afterwards, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Commerce chairman F. O. J. Smith (Maine) became a partner with Morse and proposed a bill in Congress, which didn't pass, for a $30,000 telegraph line project.

Later years

telegraph line In 1839, Samuel Morse published (from Paris) the first American description of daguerreotype photography by Louis Daguerre. Morse pioneered American daguerreotypes. On May 24, 1844 Morse sent the telegraph message "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23) from the Supreme Court room Washington, DC to his assistant, Alfred Vail, in Baltimore, Maryland. In the 1850s, Morse went to Copenhagen and visited the Thorvaldsen Museum, where the sculptor's grave is in the inner courtyard. He was received by King Frederick VII, and he expressed his wish to donate his portrait from 1830 to the king. The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to Queen Margaret II. In the 1860s, Morse became well-known as an active defender of America's institution of slavery, considering it to be divinely sanctioned. He died in 1872 at his home at 5 West 22nd Street, New York, New York, at the age of eighty, and was buried in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

External links

Brooklyn, New York, dedicated 1871]] General
- 1911 Encyclopedia, "[http://29.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MO/MORSE_SAMUEL_FINLEY_BREESE.htm Samuel Finley Breese Morse]". LoveToKnow, Corp.
-
- " [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sfbmhtml/sfbmhome.html Samuel F. B. Morse Papers]". LOC.
- "[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sfbmhtml/timeline01.html Morse Timeline]". LOC.
- "[http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/MORSE_BIO.html Samuel Finley Breese Morse]: 1791 - 1872". Adventures in Cybersound.
- Calvert, J. B., "[http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/heartele.htm Hear American Morse]: how it sounded on a sounder". September 20, 2000
- "[http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/106.html Samuel F. B. Morse]". National Inventors Hall of Fame.
- "[http://www.npg.si.edu/edu/brush/guide/unit2/morse.html Samuel F. B. Morse]". Unit 2: Those Inventive Americans. Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
- "[http://www.morsum.demon.co.uk/ Morsum Magnificat], The magazine". Wistanswick, Market Drayton, Shropshire.
- Katz, Eugenii, "[http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/morse.html Samuel Finley Breese Morse]". Biosensors & Bioelectronics.
- Jones, R. Victor, "[http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/lectures/lecture5/elecmag_tel/morse_tel.html Electromagnetic Telegraphy] The Morse-Vail-Henry Telegraph". Deas.harvard.
- Casale, John, "[http://www.telegraph-history.org/samuel-morse/signature.html Signature of the Father]". W2NI. Troy, New York.
- [http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/radio_history/morse/sfbmorse.php Samuel Morse - the inventor of the Morse Telegraph System] Radio-Electronics.Com
- http://www.yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/morse.html Court Cases
- "[http://www.law.pitt.edu/madison/patent/supplement/oreilly_v_morse.html O'Reilly, et al. v. Morse, et al.]", 56 U.S. 62 (1853). Law.pitt.edu. Stamps
- Reinhardt, Joachim, "[http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/sm_morse.jpg Samuel F. B. Morse] (1791-1872) Cambodcha, 2001", [http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physstamps.html Physics-Related Stamps]. March 27, 2004.
- Reinhardt, Joachim, "[http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/s_morse2.jpg Samuel F. B. Morse] (1791-1872) Congo, 1988". [http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physstamps.html Physics-Related Stamps]. March 27, 2004. Programs
- Mac OS X [http://www.apple.com/downloads/dashboard/calculate_convert/morsecodetranslator.html Morse Translator Widget]

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery, and which was first published in serial form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ, the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey. Her second novel was Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, another anti-slavery novel. Born in Litchfield, Connecticut and raised primarily in Hartford, she was the daughter of Lyman Beecher, an abolitionist Congregationalist preacher from Boston, and the sister of renowned minister, Henry Ward Beecher. In 1832, her family moved to Cincinnati, another hotbed of the abolitionist movement, where her father became the first president of Lane Theological Seminary. There she gained first-hand knowledge of slavery and the Underground railroad and was moved to write Uncle Tom's Cabin, the first major American novel with an African-American hero. In 1836 Harriet Beecher married Calvin Stowe, a clergyman and widower. Later she and her husband moved to Bowdoin College, when he obtained an academic position there. Harriet and Calvin had seven children, but some died in early childhood. Her first children, twin girls Hattie and Eliza, were born on September 29, 1836. Four years later, in 1840, her son Frederick William was born. In 1848 the birth of Samuel Charles occurred, but in the following year, he died from a cholera epidemic.

Quotation

- When Stowe met Abraham Lincoln in 1862 (during the Civil War), he reportedly greeted her, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!"

Partial list of works

- Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851)
- A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
- Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
- The Minister's Wooing (1859)
- The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862)
- As "Christopher Crowfield"
- House and Home Papers (1865)
- Little Foxes (1866)
- The Chimney Corner (1868)
- Old Town Folks (1869)
- The Ghost in the Cap'n Brown (1870)
- Poganuc People (1878)

External links

-
-
- [http://Stowe.thefreelibrary.com/ Harriet Beecher Stowe's brief biography and works]
- [http://www.fembio.org/women/harriet-beecher-stowe.shtml Biography at FemBio – Notable Women International]
- [http://www.historyswomen.com/HarrietBeecherStowe.html History's Women: Harriet Beecher Stowe].
- [http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/ Harriet Beecher Stowe House & Center] - Stowe's adulthood home in Hartford, Connecticut

References

-
- Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher

View-Master

The View-Master is a device for viewing seven 3-D images (also known as stereo images) on a paper reel. Although it is now considered a children's toy, it was not originally marketed as such.

History

The View-Master system was invented by William Gruber, an organ maker and avid photographer who lived in Portland, Oregon. He had the idea of updating the old-fashioned stereoscope by using the new Kodachrome color film that had recently become available. While a View-Master reel holds 14 film slides, there are really only seven stereoscopic images; two film slides are viewed simultaneously - one for each eye - thus simulating binocular depth perception. A chance meeting with Harold Graves, the president of Sawyer's, Inc. (a company that specialized in picture postcards) got the idea off the ground and quickly took over the postcard business at Sawyer's. View-Master was first introduced at the New York World's Fair of 1939. It was intended as an alternative to the scenic postcard, and was originally sold at photography shops, stationery stores and scenic attraction gift shops. The main subjects of View-Master reels were Carlsbad Caverns and the Grand Canyon. In 1951 Sawyer's purchased Tru-Vue, the main competitor of View-Master. In addition to eliminating their main rival, the takeover also gave Sawyer's Tru-Vue's licensing rights to Walt Disney Studios. Sawyer's capitalized on the opportunity and produced numerous reels featuring Disney characters and the newly opened Disneyland. In 1966 Sawyer's was acquired by the General Aniline & Film (GAF) Corporation, and became a wholly owned subsidiary. Under GAF's ownership View-Master reels started to feature fewer scenic and more child-friendly subjects, such as toys and cartoons. GAF sold View-Master to a group headed by Arnold Thaler in 1981, and the company was rebranded as View-Master International Group (VMI). This name lasted for just three years. In 1984, VMI acquired the Ideal Toy Company and became the View-Master Ideal Group. The View-Master Ideal Group was purchased by Tyco Toys in 1989. Tyco Toys merged with Mattel in March 1997. Since then, View-Master has been marketed as a Fisher-Price product.

Misc.

The View-Master was originally constructed from bakelite, but the material of choice since the 1959 has been plastic. plastic Over the years 3-D reels have been produced for Disneyland, many TV shows, movies (such as E.T. and Jurassic Park) and even for the US military (for airplane/ship identification and range estimation). View-Master is now part of the National Toy Hall of Fame.

External links

- [http://www.fisher-price.com/us/view-master/ Official View-Master Site] at Fisher-Price
- [http://www.viewmaster.co.uk/index.asp Unofficial View-Master Reference Resource] Reference Website
- [http://www.vmresource.com View-Master Resource]
- [http://www.cinti.net/~vmmasell/infoco.html View-Master Introduction]
- [http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~number6/vm/ The View-Master Ultimate Reel List]
- [http://viewmaster.home.comcast.net/ View-Master Reverse Reel Index] Category:Photographic equipment Category:Toys Category:National_Toy_Hall_of_Fame

Category:Pioneers of photography

Pioneers Photography

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Albert Southworth

References

Daguerreotype

References

External links

Samuel Morse

Early years

Middle years

Later years

External links

Further reading

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Quotation

Partial list of works

See also

External links

References

View-Master

History

Misc.

External links

Category:Pioneers of photography

Anecdotario de la Historia Chilena